Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy

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Chapter 1

1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21-e181.

2. National Center for Health Statistics. Deaths—leading causes. Available at [Web] (accessed May, 2009)

3. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Screening for high blood pressure. Available at [Web] (accessed May 2009)

4. The Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. The sixth report of Joint National Committee on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure (JNC-VI). Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413-2446. [PubMed]

5. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572. [PubMed]

6. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for clinical application of echocardiography: summary article. Circulation. 2003;108:1146-1162.

7. Kligfield P, Gettes LS, Bailey JJ, et al. Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram. Part I: the electrocardiogram and its technology. Circulation. 2007;115:1306-1324. [PubMed]

8. Mason JW, Hancock EW, Gettes LS, et al. Recommendations for the standardization and interpretation of the electrocardiogram. Part II: electrocardiography diagnostic statement list. Circulation. 2007;115:1325-1332. [PubMed]

9. Crouch MA, Limon L, Cassano AT. Clinical relevance and management of drug-related QT interval prolongation. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23:881-908. [PubMed]

10. Klocke FJ, Baird MG, Lorell BH, et al. ACC/AHA/ASNC guidelines for clinical use of cardiac radionuclide imaging-executive summary. Circulation. 2003;108;1404-1418. [PubMed]

11. Lee TH, Boucher CA. Non-invasive tests in patients with stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1840-1845. [PubMed]

12. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, et al. Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article. Circulation. 2002;106;1883-1892. [PubMed]

13. Budoff MJ, Achenback S, Blumenthal RS. Assessment of coronary artery disease by cardiac computed tomography.Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease by Cardiac Computed Tomography: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Committee on Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, and Committee on Cardiac Imaging, Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2006;114:1761-1791. [PubMed]

14. Bonow RO, Brundage BH, Budoff MJ, et al. ACCF/AHA 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring by Computed Tomography in Global Cardiovascular Risk Assessment and in Evaluation of Patients With Chest Pain. Circulation. 2007;115:402-426. [PubMed]

15. Smith SC, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary interviention - summary article. Circulation. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.170815

16. King SB, Smith SC, Hirshfeld JW, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.188208

17. Hiatt WR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med. 2001;21:1608-1621.

18. Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Practice guidelines for the management of patients with peripheral arterial disease (lower extremities, renal, mesenteric, and abdominal aortic). Circulation. 2006;113:e463-e654. [PubMed]

19. Pannu N, Wiebe N, Tonelli M, et al. Prophylaxis strategies for contrast-induced nephropathy. JAMA. 2006;295:2765-2779. [PubMed]

20. Levine GN, Kern MJ, Berger PB, et al. Management of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139:123-136. [PubMed]

21. Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate. JAMA. 2004;291;2328-2334. [PubMed]

22. Jones T, McCutcheon H. Effectiveness of mechanical compression devices in attaining hemostasis after femoral sheath removal. Am J Crit Care. 2002;11:115-162. [PubMed]

23. The SYNERGY trial investigators. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy. JAMA. 2004;292:45-54. [PubMed]

24. Delaney A, Carter A, Fisher M. The prevention of anaphylactoid reactions to iodinated radiological contrast media: a systematic review. BMC Med Imaging. 2006;6:2. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

Chapter 2

1. Meadows M. Why drugs get pulled off the market. FDA Consumer Magazine. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2002:36.

2. Litaker JR, Wilson JP. Epidemiology and public health impact of drug-induced diseases. In: Tisdale JE, Miller DA, eds. Drug-Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 1st ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2005:1-10.

3. Budnitz DS, Pollock DA, Weidenbach KN, et al. National surveillance of emergency department visits for outpatient adverse drug events. JAMA. 2006;296:1858-1866. [PubMed]

4. van der Hooft CS, Dieleman JP, Siemes C, et al. Adverse drug reaction-related hospitalisations: A population-based cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2008;17:365-371. [PubMed]

5. Ebbesen J, Buajordet I, Erikssen J, et al. Drug-related deaths in a department of internal medicine. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2317-2323. [PubMed]

6. Wester K, Jonsson AK, Spigset O, et al. Incidence of fatal adverse drug reactions: A population based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65:573-579. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

7. Patel H, Bell D, Molokhia M, et al. Trends in hospital admissions for adverse drug reactions in England: Analysis of national hospital episode statistics 1998-2005. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2007; 7:9. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

8. Kramer MS, Leventhal JM, Hutchinson TA, et al. An algorithm for the operational assessment of adverse drug reactions. I. background, description, and instructions for use. JAMA. 1979;242:623-632. [PubMed]

9. Koh Y, Li SC. A new algorithm to identify the causality of adverse drug reactions. Drug Safety. 2005;28:1159-1161. [PubMed]

10. Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, et al. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1981;30:239-245. [PubMed]

11. Kane-Gill SL, Kirisci L, Pathak DS. Are the naranjo criteria reliable and valid for determination of adverse drug reactions in the intensive care unit- Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:1823-1827.

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13. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1209-1223. [PubMed]

14. Shufelt CL, Bairey Merz CN. Contraceptive hormone use and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:221-231. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

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17. Sowinski KM. Ischemia and myocardial infarction. In: Tisdale JE, Miller DA, eds. Drug-Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 1st ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2005:261-280.

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19. Murphy CA, Dargie HJ. Drug-induced cardiovascular disorders. Drug Safety. 2007;30:783-804. [PubMed]

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22. Glauser J. Tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Cleve Clin J Med. 2000;67:704-706,709-713,717-719. [PubMed]

23. Bauman JL, Didomenico RJ, Galanter WL. Mechanisms, manifestations, and management of digoxin toxicity in the modern era. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2006;6:77-86. [PubMed]

24. Little WC, Freeman GL. Pericardial disease. Circulation. 2006;113:1622-1632. [PubMed]

25. Enbrel [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen and Wyeth; 2008.

26. Remicade [package insert]. Malvern, PA: Centor; 2008.

27. Nesto RW, Bell D, Bonow RO, et al. Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: A consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Circulation. 2003;108:2941-1248. [PubMed]

28. Grossman E, Messerli FH. High blood pressure. A side effect of drugs, poisons, and food. Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:450-460. [PubMed]

29. Gyamlani G, Geraci SA. Secondary hypertension due to drugs and toxins. South Med J. 2007;100:692-699. [PubMed]

30. Richard CL, Jurgens TM. Effects of natural health products on blood pressure. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:712-720. [PubMed]

31. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560-2572. [PubMed]

32. Avastin [package insert]. San Francisco, CA: Genentech; 2008.

33. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Manson JE, et al. Prospective study of oral contraceptives and hypertension among women in the United States. Circulation. 1996;94:483-439.

34. Taler SJ, Textor SC, Canzanello VJ, et al. Cyclosporin-induced hypertension: incidence, pathogenesis and management. Drug Safety. 1999;20:437-449. [PubMed]

35. Epogen [package insert]. Thousand Oaks, CA: Amgen, Inc.; 2008.

36. Morrison A, Ramey DR, van Adelsberg J, et al. Systematic review of trials of the effect of continued use of oral non-selective NSAIDs on blood pressure and hypertension. Current Medical Research & Opinion. 2007;23:2395-2404.

37. Torp-Pedersen C, Caterson I, Coutinho W, et al. Cardiovascular responses to weight management and sibutramine in high-risk subjects: an analysis from the SCOUT trial. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:2915-2923.

38. Sato A, Funder JW, Okubo M, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced hypertension in the elderly. Relation to serum calcium and family history of essential hypertension. Am J Hypertension. 1995;8:823-828.

39. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252. [PubMed]

40. Dempsey KS. Chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity in women. Crit Care Nurs Clin N Am. 2008;20:343-350.

41. Slordal L, Spigset O. Heart failure induced by non-cardiac drugs. Drug Safety. 2006;29:567-586. [PubMed]

42. Feenstra J, Grobbee DE, Remme WJ, et al. Drug-induced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1152-1162.

43. Chu TF, Rupnick MA, Kerkela R, et al. Cardiotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Lancet. 2007;370:2011-2019. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

44. Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, et al. NSAIDs associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure in elderly patients taking diuretics. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158:1108-1112. [PubMed]

45. Page J, Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: an underrecognized public health problem. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:777-784. [PubMed]

46. Delea TE, Edelsberg JS, Hagiwara M, et al. Use of thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in people with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2983-2989. [PubMed]

47. Chung ES, Packer M, Lo KH, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, pilot trial of infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure: results of the anti-TNF therapy against congestive heart failure (ATTACH) trial. Circulation. 2003;107:3133-3140. [PubMed]

48. Tsuyuki RT, McKelvie RS, Arnold JM, et al. Acute precipitants of congestive heart failure exacerbations. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2337-2342. [PubMed]

49. Packer M, O'Connor CM, Ghali JK, et al. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1107-1114. [PubMed]

50. Mackin P. Cardiac side effects of psychiatric drugs. Human Psychopharmacology. 2008;23:3-14. [PubMed]

51. Tsuyuki RT. Heart failure. In: Tisdale JE, Miller DA, eds. Drug-Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 1st ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2005:281-288.

52. Zanettini R, Antonini A, Gatto G, et al. Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:39-46. [PubMed]

53. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:e1-148. [PubMed]

54. Lange RA, Hillis LD. Clinical practice: acute pericarditis. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:2195-2202. [PubMed]

55. The Task Force on the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Guideline on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:587-610. [PubMed]

56. Townsend M, MacIver DH. Constrictive pericarditis and pleuropulmonary fibrosis secondary to cabergoline treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Heart. 2004;90:e47. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

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58. Jin H, Meyer JM, Jeste DV. Atypical antipsychotics and glucose dysregulation: a systematic review. Schizophr Res. 2004;71:195-212. [PubMed]

59. Ames RP, Hill P. Antihypertensive therapy and the risk of coronary heart disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1982;4(Suppl 2):S206-S212. [PubMed]

60. Antman EM, Bennett JS, Daugherty A, et al. Use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: An update for clinicians: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;115:1634-1642. [PubMed]

61. Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, et al. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis- Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2006;332:1302-1308. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

62. Manson JE, Hsia J, Johnson KC, et al. Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:523-534. [PubMed]

63. Herrington DM, Vittinghoff E, Lin F, et al. Statin therapy, cardiovascular events, and total mortality in the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). Circulation. 2002;105:2962-2967. [PubMed]

64. Ames R. Effects of diuretic drugs on the lipid profile. Drugs. 1988;36(Suppl 2):33-40. [PubMed]

65. ACOG Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology. ACOG practice bulletin. no. 73: use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:1453-1472. [PubMed]

66. American Diabetes Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, North American Association for the Study of Obesity. Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:267-272. [PubMed]

67. Tisdale JE. Arrhythmias. In: Tisdale JE, Miller DA, eds. Drug-Induced Diseases: Prevention, Detection, and Management. 1st ed. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2005:289-327.

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69. Rythmol [package insert]. Liberty Corner, NJ: Reliant Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2004.

70. Carollo DS, Nossaman BD, Ramadhyani U. Dexmedetomidine: A review of clinical applications. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21:457-461. [PubMed]

71. Youssef G, Links M. The prevention and management of cardiovascular complications of chemotherapy in patients with cancer. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2005;5:233-243. [PubMed]

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74. Flecainide. In: Klasco RK (ed). DRUGDEX^® System [database online]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomson Micromedex. Available at: [Web] (accessed March 18, 2009).

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78. Fleming GA, Murray KT, Yu C, et al. Milrinone use is associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2008;118:1619-1625. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

79. Vaprisol [package insert]. Deerfield, IL: Astellas Pharma US, Inc.; 2008.

80. Precedex [package insert]. Lake Forest, IL: Hospira, Inc.; 2008.

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Chapter 3

1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics- -- 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21-e181.

2. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252. [PubMed]

3. Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, et al. Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2007;115:2761-2788. [PubMed]

4. Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999-2004. Hypertension. 2007;49:69-75. [PubMed]

5. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2417-2428. [PubMed]

6. Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47:296-308. [PubMed]

7. Wiysonge C, Bradley H, Mayosi B, et al. Beta-blockers for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007:CD002003.

8. ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288:2981-2997. [PubMed]

9. Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:201-207. [PubMed]

10. Zillich AJ, Garg J, Basu S, et al. Thiazide diuretics, potassium, and the development of diabetes: a quantitative review. Hypertension. 2006;48:219-224. [PubMed]

11. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(Suppl 1):S12-S54. [PubMed]

12. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43:S1-S290. [PubMed]

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14. Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, et al. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ. 2003;326:1427. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

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16. McMurray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362:767-771. [PubMed]

17. Kunz R, Friedrich C, Wolbers M, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of monotherapy and combination therapy with inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system on proteinuria in DOQI renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:30-48. [PubMed]

18. Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1547-1559. [PubMed]

19. Dussol B, Moussi-Frances J, Morange S, et al. A randomized trial of furosemide vs hydrochlorothiazide in patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005;20:349-353. [PubMed]

20. Carter BL, Ernst ME, Cohen JD. Hydrochlorothiazide versus chlorthalidone: evidence supporting their interchangeability. Hypertension. 2004;43:4-9. [PubMed]

21. Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD. Meta-analysis of health outcomes of chlorthalidone-based vs nonchlorthalidone-based low-dose diuretic therapies. JAMA. 2004;292:43-44. [PubMed]

22. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, et al. Beta Blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ. 1999;318:1730-1737. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

23. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2001;358:1033-1041. [PubMed]

24. Schrader J, Luders S, Kulschewski A, et al. Morbidity and Mortality After Stroke, Eprosartan Compared with Nitrendipine for Secondary Prevention: principal results of a prospective randomized controlled study (MOSES). Stroke. 2005;36:1218-1226. [PubMed]

25. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1225-1237. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

26. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887-1898. [PubMed]

27. Green BB, Cook AJ, Ralston JD, et al. Effectiveness of home blood pressure monitoring, Web communication, and pharmacist care on hypertension control: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299:2857-2867. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

Chapter 4

2. Varon J, Marik PE. The diagnosis and management of hypertensive crisis. Chest. 2000;188:214-227.

3. Marik PE, Varon J. Hypertensive crisis: challenges and management. Chest. 2007;131:1949-1962. [PubMed]

4. Feldstein C. Management of hypertensive crisis. Am J Ther. 2007;14:135-139. [PubMed]

5. Zampaglione B, Pascale C, Marchisio M, et al. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies: prevalence and clinical presentation. Hypertension. 1996;27:144-147. [PubMed]

6. Tumlin JA, Dunbar LM, Oparil S, et al. Fenoldopam, a dopamine agonist, for hypertensive emergency: a multicenter randomized trial: fenoldopam study group. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:653-662. [PubMed]

7. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42:1206-1252. [PubMed]

8. Kitiyakara C, Guzman NJ. Malignant hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998;9:133-142. [PubMed]

9. Stewart DL, Feinstein SE, Cogan R. Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2006;33:613-623.

10. Herbert CJ, Vidt DG. Hypertensive crisis. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2008;35:475-487.

11. Shayne PH, Pitts SR. Severely increased blood pressure in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41(4):513-529. [PubMed]

12. Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. The sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413-2446. [PubMed]

13. Cherney D, Straus S. Management of patients with hypertensive urgencies and emergencies: a systematic review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17:937-945. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

14. Varon J. Treatment of acute severe hypertension: current and newer agents. Drugs. 2008;68(3):283-297. [PubMed]

15. Adams HP, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2007;38:1655-1711. [PubMed]

16. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1-82.

17. Reddy P, Yeh YC. Use of injectable nicardipine for neurovascular indications. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:398-409. [PubMed]

18. Curran MP, Robinson DM, Keating GM. Intravenous nicardipine: its use in the short-term treatment of hypertension and various other indications. Drugs. 2006;66:1755-1782. [PubMed]

19. Murphy MB, Murray C, Shorten GD. Fenoldopam—a selective peripheral dopamine-receptor agonist for the treatment of severe hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1548-1557. [PubMed]

20. Fenoldopam (Corlopam) [package insert]. North Chicago, IL; Abbott Laboratories; March 2004.

21. Brienza N, Malcangi V, Dalfino L, et al. A comparison between fenoldopam and low-dose dopamine in early renal dysfunction of critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:707-714. [PubMed]

22. Clevidipine (Cleviprex) [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: The Medicines Company; August 2008.

23. Aronson S. Clevidipine in the treatment of perioperative hypertension: assessing safety and efficacy events in the ECLIPSE trials. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2009;7:465-472. [PubMed]

24. Karras DJ, Kruus LK, Cienki JJ, et al. Evaluation and treatment of patients with severely elevated blood pressure in academic emergency departments: a multicenter study. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:230-236. [PubMed]

25. Broderick J, Connolly S, Feldmann E, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults: 2007 update. Stroke. 2007;38:2001.

Chapter 5

1. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285:2486-2497. [PubMed]

2. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21-e181.

3. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2002;105:1135-1143. [PubMed]

4. Cayette AJ, Palacino JJ, Cohen RA. Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide production accelerates endo intimal formation and impairs endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994;14:753-759. [PubMed]

5. Steinberg D, Parthasarathy S, Carew TE, et al. Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:915-924. [PubMed]

6. Nathan CF. Secretory products of macrophages. J Clin Invest. 1987;79:319-326. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

7. Cockerill GW, Rye KA, Gamble JR, et al. High-density lipoproteins inhibit cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:1987-1994. [PubMed]

8. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Arch Intern Med. 1988;148:36-69. [PubMed]

9. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al. NCEP Report: Implications of Recent Clinical Trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-239. [PubMed]

10. Executive Summary: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2009. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 1):S6-S12.

11. Mantel-Teeuwisse, Aukje K, Kloosterman JM, et al. Drug-induced lipid changes: A review of the unintended effects of some commonly used drugs on serum lipid levels. Drug Safety. 2001;24:443-446.

12. Atmaca M, Kuloglu M, Tezcan E, et al. Antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;64:598-604.

13. Moore R, Hernandez D, Valatine H. Calcineurin inhibitors and post-transplant hyperlipidaemias. Drug Safety. 2001;24:755-766. [PubMed]

14. Talbert RL. Hyperlipidemia. In: Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2002:395-417.

15. Lichetenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006;114:82-96. [PubMed]

16. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effects of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992;12:911-919. [PubMed]

17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Food labeling: health claims; soluble fiber from certain foods and coronary heart disease: final rule. Federal Register. 1998;63:8103-8121.

18. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Food labeling: health claims; soluble fiber from certain foods and coronary heart disease: final rule. Federal Register. 1997;62:28234-28245.

19. Law M. Plant sterol and stanols margarines and health. BMJ. 2000;320:861-864. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

20. Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2002;106:2747-2757.

21. Wang C, Chung M, Balk E, et al. N-3 fatty acids from fish or fish oil supplements, but not alpha linolenic acid, benefit cardiovascular disease outcomes in primary and secondary prevention studies; a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:5-17. [PubMed]

22. Pitavastatin (Livalo) [package insert]. Montgomery, AL: Kowa Pharmaceuticals; 2009.

23. McKenney JM. Pharmacotherapy of dyslipidemia. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2001;15:413-422. [PubMed]

24. Simvastatin (Zocor) [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc.; June 2008.

25. Lovastatin (Mevacor) [package insert]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck & Co., Inc.; September 2008.

26. Rosuvastatin (Crestor) [package insert]. Wilmington, DE: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP.; February 2009.

27. Gotto AM. Safety and statin therapy. Reconsidering the risks and benefits. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:657-659. [PubMed]

28. McKenney JM, Davidson MH, Jacobson TA, et al. Final conclusions and recommendations of the National Lipid Association statin safety assessment task force. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:S89-S94.

29. Cohen DE, Anania FA, Chalasani N. An assessment of stain safety by hepatologists. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:77C-81C. [PubMed]

30. Ezetimibe (Zetia) [package insert]. North Wales, PA: Merck/Schering-Plough Pharmaceuticals; May 2009.

31. Colesevelam hydrochloride (Welchol) [package insert]. Parsippany, NJ: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc.; January 2008.

32. Duval C, Chinetti G, Trottein F, et al. The role of PPARs in atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med. 2002;8:422-430. [PubMed]

33. Hottelart C, El Elper N, Rose F, et al. Fenofibrate increases creatinemia by increasing metabolic production of creatinine. Nephron. 2002;92:536-541. [PubMed]

34. Levin A, Duncan L, Djurdjev O, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled double blind trial of lipid lowering strategies in patients with renal insufficiency: diet modification with or without fenofibrate. Clin Nephrol. 2000;53:140-146. [PubMed]

35. Deighan CJ, Caslake MJ, McConnell M, et al. Comparative effects of cerivastatin and fenofibrate on the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in proteinuric renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:341-348. [PubMed]

36. Dalton RN, Crimet D, Ansquer JC. The effect of fenofibrate on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and other renal function tests: A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study in healthy subjects. Philadelphia, PA: American Society of Nephrology; 2005.

37. Hottelar C, el Esper N, Achard JM, et al. Fenofibrate increases blood creatinine, but does not change the glomerular filtration rate in patients with mild renal insufficiency. Nephrologia. 1999;20:41-44.

38. Niacin (Niaspan) [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: Abbott Laboratories; April 2009.

39. Omega-3-acid ethyl esters 90 (Lovaza) [package insert]. Liberty Corner, NJ: Reliant Pharmaceuticals, LLC; June 2008.

40. Law M, Rudnicka AR. Statin safety: a systematic review. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97:S52-S60.

41. Alsheikh-Ali AA, Duvin JT, Karas RH. Risk of adverse events with fibrates. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:935-938.

42. Flint OP, Masters BA, Gregg RE, et al. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by squalene synthase inhibitors does not induce myotoxicity in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1997;145:91-98. [PubMed]

43. Ghirlanda G, Oradei A, Manto A, et al. Evidence of plasma coQ10 lowering effect by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;33:226-229. [PubMed]

44. Laaksonen R, Jokelainen K, Sahi T, et al. Decreases in serum ubiquinone concentrations do not result in reduced levels in muscle tissue during short-term simvastatin treatment in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995;57:62-66. [PubMed]

45. Marcoff L, Thompson PD. The role of coenzyme Q10 in statin-associated myopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2231-2237. [PubMed]

46. Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Rosenson RS. An assessment of statin safety by muscle experts. Am J Cardiol. 2006;97(suppl):69C-76C. [PubMed]

47. Ray KK, Cannon CP. Early time to benefit with intensive statin treatment: Could it be the pleiotropic effects- Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(suppl):54F-60F

48. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:7-22. [PubMed]

49. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes. The MIRACL Study: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285:1711-1718. [PubMed]

50. LaRosa JC, Grundy SM, Waters DD, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425-1435. [PubMed]

51. Cannon CP, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495-1504. [PubMed]

52. Ridker PM, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1998;97:2007-2111. [PubMed]

53. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, et al. C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:836-843. [PubMed]

54. Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107:499-511. [PubMed]

55. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195-2007. [PubMed]

Chapter 6

1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):480-486.

2. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina). Available at www.acc.org/clinical/guidelines/stable/stable.pdf.

3. Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(16):1685-1695. [PubMed]

4. Abrams J. Clinical practice. Chronic stable angina. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2524-2533. [PubMed]

5. Campeau L. Letter: Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation. 1976;54(3):522-523. [PubMed]

6. Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease: a systematic review. JAMA. 2003;290(1):86-97. [PubMed]

7. Fletcher G, Trejo JF. Why and how to prescribe exercise: overcoming the barriers. Cleve Clin J Med. 2005;72(8):645-649,653-654,656. [PubMed]

8. Goldberg RB, Sabharwal AK. Fish oil in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008;15(2):167-174. [PubMed]

9. Grundy SM. Stanol esters as a component of maximal dietary therapy in the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III report. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96(1A):47D-50D. [PubMed]

10. Iso H, Kobayashi M, Ishihara J, et al. Intake of fish and n3 fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease among Japanese: the Japan Public Health Center-Based (JPHC) Study Cohort I. Circulation. 2006;113(2):195-202. [PubMed]

11. Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9567):1090-1098. [PubMed]

12. Fraker TD Jr., Fihn SD, Gibbons RJ, et al. 2007 Chronic angina focused update of the ACC/AHA 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Writing Group to develop the focused update of the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation. 2007;116(23):2762-2772. [PubMed]

13. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102(18):2284-2299. [PubMed]

14. Smith SC Jr, Allen J, Blair SN, et al. AHA/ACC Guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 update endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(10):2130-2139. [PubMed]

15. Smith SC Jr, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW Jr, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to update 2001 guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention). Circulation. 2006;113(7):e166-e286. [PubMed]

16. Dobesh PP, Stacy ZA, Ansara AJ, et al. Drug-eluting stents: a mechanical and pharmacologic approach to coronary artery disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2004;24(11):1554-1577. [PubMed]

17. Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, et al. Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration. Lancet. 1994;344(8922):563-570. [PubMed]

18. Sabik III JF, Lytle BW. Chapter 65. Coronary bypass surgery. In: Fuster V, O'Rourke RA, Walsh RA, eds. King SB, Roberts R, Nash IS, assoc. eds.: Hurst's The Heart. 12th ed: [Web]. Accessed March 4, 2009.

19. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 2002 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction) developed in collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(7):e1-e157. [PubMed]

20. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, et al. 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: developed in collaboration with the Canadian Cardiovascular Society endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 writing group to review new evidence and update the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, writing on behalf of the 2004 writing committee. Circulation. 2008;117(2):296-329. [PubMed]

21. Becker RC, Meade TW, Berger PB, et al. The primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 Suppl):776S-814S. [PubMed]

22. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560-2572. [PubMed]

23. Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, et al. Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2007;115(21):2761-2788. [PubMed]

24. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110(2):227-239. [PubMed]

25. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA. 2001;285(19):2486-2497.

26. King SB III, Smith SC Jr, Hirshfeld JW Jr, et al. 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(2):172-209. [PubMed]

27. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2008. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(Suppl 1):S12-S54. [PubMed]

28. Freemantle N, Cleland J, Young P, et al. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. BMJ. 1999;318(7200):1730-1737. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

29. Nash DT, Nash SD. Ranolazine for chronic stable angina. Lancet. 2008;372(9646):1335-1341. [PubMed]

30. Ranexa (ranolazine) [package insert]. Palo Alto, CA: CV Therapeutics, Inc.; 2006.

31. Grines CL, Bonow RO, Casey DE Jr, et al. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(6):734-739. [PubMed]

32. Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(15):1503-1516. [PubMed]

33. Nissen SE, Wolski K. Effect of rosiglitazone on the risk of myocardial infarction and death from cardiovascular causes. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(24):2457-2471. [PubMed]

34. Singh S, Loke YK, Furberg CD. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;298(10):1189-1195. [PubMed]

35. Lincoff AM, Wolski K, Nicholls SJ, et al. Pioglitazone and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA.2007; 298(10):1180-1188.

36. Erdmann E, Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, et al. The effect of pioglitazone on recurrent myocardial infarction in 2,445 patients with type 2 diabetes and previous myocardial infarction: results from the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(17):1772-1780. [PubMed]

37. McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander JE, et al. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2008;117(14):1897-1907. [PubMed]

38. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(16):1706-1717. [PubMed]

39. Bhatt DL, Flather MD, Hacke W, et al. Patients with prior myocardial infarction, stroke, or symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the CHARISMA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(19):1982-1988. [PubMed]

40. Danesh J, Wheeler JG, Hirschfield GM, et al. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(14):1387-1397. [PubMed]

41. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(21):2195-2207. [PubMed]

42. Chaitman BR, Pepine CJ, Parker JO, et al. Effects of ranolazine with atenolol, amlodipine, or diltiazem on exercise tolerance and angina frequency in patients with severe chronic angina: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(3):309-316. [PubMed]

43. Chaitman BR, Skettino SL, Parker JO, et al. Anti-ischemic effects and long-term survival during ranolazine monotherapy in patients with chronic severe angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(8):1375-1382. [PubMed]

44. Koren MJ, Crager MR, Sweeney M. Long-term safety of a novel antianginal agent in patients with severe chronic stable angina: the Ranolazine Open Label Experience (ROLE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(10):1027-1034. [PubMed]

45. Freedman SB, Isner JM. Therapeutic angiogenesis for coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(1):54-71. [PubMed]

46. Weitz JI, Hirsh J, Samama MM. New antithrombotic drugs: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 Suppl):234S-256S. [PubMed]

Chapter 7

2. Etemad LR, McCollam PL. Total first-year costs of acute coronary syndrome in a managed care setting. J Mang Care Pharm. 2005;11:300-306.

3. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO) IIb Investigators. A comparison of recombinant hirudin with heparin for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:775-782. [PubMed]

4. Krumholz HM, Anderson JL, Brooks NH, et al. ACC/AHA Clinical performance measures for adults with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to develop performance measures on ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:236-265. [PubMed]

5. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, et al. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1992;326:242-250. [PubMed]

6. Fuster V, Badimon L, Badimon JJ, et al. The pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and the acute coronary syndromes (second of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1992;326:310-318. [PubMed]

7. Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJLM, et al. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI. A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA. 2000;284:835-842. [PubMed]

8. Granger CB, Goldberg RJ, Dabbous O, et al. Predictors of hospital mortality in the global registry of acute coronary events. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2345-2353. [PubMed]

9. Boersma E, Pieper KS, Steyerberg EW, et al. Predictors of outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation. Results from an international trial of 9461 patients. The PURSUIT Investigators. Circulation. 2000;101:2557-2567. [PubMed]

10. Peterson ED, Roe MT, Muglund J, et al. Association between hospital process performance and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes. JAMA. 2006;295:1912-1920. [PubMed]

11. Eagle KA, Montoye CK, Riba AL, et al. Guideline-based standardized care is associated with substantially lower mortality in Medicare patients with acute myocardial infarction: The American College of Cardiology’s Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) Projects in Michigan. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:1242-1248. [PubMed]

12. 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:172-209.

13. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, et al. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:1146-1154.

14. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:e1-e157. [PubMed]

15. Antman EM, Hand M, Armstrong PW, et al. 2007 Focused update of the ACC/AHA 2004 guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:210-247. [PubMed]

16. Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, Bates ER, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). Available at: [Web]. Accessed December 19, 2008.

17. Kastrati A, Nehilli J, Neumann FJ, et al. Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment: The ISAR-REACT 2 randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1531-1538. [PubMed]

18. The Fifth Organization to Assess Strategies in Acute Syndromes (OASIS-5) Investigators. Comparison of fondaparinux and enoxaparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1464-1476. [PubMed]

19. The OASIS-6 Trial Group. Effects of fondaparinux on mortality and reinfarction in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The OASIS-6 randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295:1519-1530. [PubMed]

20. Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2203-2216. [PubMed]

21. Stone GW, Witzebichler B, Guagliumi G, et al., for the HORIZONS-AMI trial investigators. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2218-2230. [PubMed]

22. Antman EM, Morrow DA, McCage CH, et al. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin with fibrinolysis for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1477-1488. [PubMed]

23. Hirsh J, Bauer KA, Donati MB, et al. Parental anticoagulants. Chest. 2008;133:141S-159S. [PubMed]

24. COMMIT (CLOpidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) collaborative group. Early intravenous then oral metoprolol in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1622-1632.

25. Krumholz HM, Anderson JL, Bachelder BL, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 performance measures for adults with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures for ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:2046-2099. [PubMed]

26. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Brennan DM, et al., for the CREDO Investigators. Optimal timing for the initiation of pre-treatment with 300 mg clopidogrel before percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:939-943. [PubMed]

27. Hochholzer W, Trenk D, Frundi D, et al. Time dependence of platelet inhibition after a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel in a large, unselected cohort of candidates for percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2005;111:2560-2564. [PubMed]

28. Patti G, Colonna G, Pasceri V, et al. Randomized trial of high loading dose of clopidogrel for reduction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary intervention. Results from the ARMYDA-2 (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) Study. Circulation. 2005;111:2099-2106. [PubMed]

29. Von Beckerath N, Taubert D, Pogatsa-Murray G, et al. Absorption, metabolization, and antiplatelet effects of 300-, 600-, and 900-mg loading doses of clopidogrel. Results of the ISAR-CHOICE (Intracoronary Stenting and Antithrombotic Regimen: Choose between 3 High Oral Doses for Immediate Clopidogrel Effect) Trial. Circulation. 2005;112:2946-2950. [PubMed]

30. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Zaman KA, et al. Clopidogrel loading with eptifibatide to arrest the reactivity of platelets. Results of the Clopidogrel Loading with Eptifibatide to Arrest the Reactivity of Platelets (CLEAR PLATELETS) Study. Circulation. 2005;111:1153-1159. [PubMed]

31. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Schühlen H, et al. A clinical trial of abciximab in elective percutaneous coronary intervention after pretreatment with clopidogrel. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:232-238. [PubMed]

32. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:436-443. [PubMed]

33. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1488-1497. [PubMed]

34. Simoons ML. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularization: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1915-1924. [PubMed]

35. Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, Herrmann HC, et al. Comparison of two platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors tirofiban and abciximab for the prevention of ischemic events with percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1888-1894. [PubMed]

36. The ESPRIT Investigators. Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;356:2037-2044. [PubMed]

37. De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Stone GW, et al. Abciximab as adjunctive therapy to reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005;293:1759-1765. [PubMed]

38. Collet JP, Montalescot G, Lison L, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention after subcutaneous enoxaparin pretreatment in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Circulation. 2001;103:658-663. [PubMed]

39. Martin JL, Fry ETA, Sanderink G-J CM, el al. Reliable anticoagulation with enoxaparin in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: The Pharmacokinetics of Enoxaparin in PCI (PEPCI) study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004;61:163-170. [PubMed]

40. The SYNERGY Trial Investigators. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy. JAMA. 2004;292:45-54. [PubMed]

41. Morrow DA, Scirica BM, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, et al. Effects of ranolazine on cardiovascular events in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: The MERLIN TIMI-36 randomized trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1775-1783. [PubMed]

42. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001-2015. [PubMed]

43. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. (for the PLATO Investigators). Ticagrelor versus clopidrogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1045-1057. [PubMed]

Chapter 8

2. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. J Am Col Cardiol. 2005;46:1-82.

3. Adams, KF, Lindenfeld J, Arnold JMO, et al. Executive summary: HFSA 2006 comprehensive heart failure practice guideline. J Cardiac Failure. 2006;12:10-38.

4. Jessup M, Abraham WT, Casey DE, et al. 2009 focused update: ACCF/AHA guidelines for the diagnosis and management of heart failure in adults. Circulation. 2009;199:1977-2016.

5. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008. Euro Heart J. 2008;29:2388-2442.

6. Crouch MA. Chronic heart failure: developments and perspectives. Consult Pharm. 2005;20:751-765. [PubMed]

7. Aurigemma GP, Gaasch WH. Diastolic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:1097-1105. [PubMed]

8. Willenheimer R, van Veldhuisen DJ, Silke B, et al. Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril, as compared with the opposite sequence: results of the randomized Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) III. Circulation. 2005;112:2426-2435. [PubMed]

9. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JGF, et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;362:7-13.

10. The beta-blocker evaluation of survival trial investigators. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1659-1667. [PubMed]

11. Liggett SB, Mialet-Perez J, Thaneemit-Chen S, et al. A polymorphism within a conserved beta(1)-adrenergic receptor motif alters cardiac function and beta-blocker response in human heart failure. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2006;103:11288-11293. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

12. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709-717.

13. McMurray JJV, Ostergren J, Swedberg K, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362:767-771. [PubMed]

14. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1309-1321. [PubMed]

15. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2049-2057. [PubMed]

16. The digitalis investigation group. The effects of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:525-533. [PubMed]

17. Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghide M, et al. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2099-2112. [PubMed]

18. Gheorghiade M, Konstam MA, Burnett JC, et al. Short-term clinical effects of tolvaptan, an oral vasopressin antagonist, in patients hospitalized for heart failure: the EVEREST Clinical Status Trials. JAMA. 2007;297:1332-1343. [PubMed]

19. Seed A, Gardner R, McMurray J, et al. Neurohumoral effects of the new orally active renin inhibitor, aliskiren, in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:1120-1127. [PubMed]

20. Veverka A, Salinas JL. Nebivolol in the treatment of chronic heart failure. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3:647-654. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

Chapter 9

2. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): developed in collaboration with the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2005;112:e154-e235. [PubMed]

3. Adams KF Jr, Lindenfeld J, Arnold JMO, et al. Evaluation and management of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2006;12:e1-e122. [PubMed]

4. Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research. Circulation. 2005;112:3958-3968. [PubMed]

5. Nohria A, Mielniczuk LM, Stevenson LW. Evaluation and monitoring of patients with acute heart failure syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:32G-40G. [PubMed]

6. Nohria A, Lewis E, Stevenson LW. Medical management of advanced heart failure. JAMA. 2002;287:628-640. [PubMed]

7. Fonarow GC, Adams KF Jr, Abraham WT, et al. Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis. JAMA. 2005;293:572-580. [PubMed]

8. Gheorghiade M, Abraham WT, Albert NM, et al. Systolic blood pressure at admission, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. JAMA. 2006;296:2217--2226. [PubMed]

9. Gheorghiade M, Zannad F, Sopko G, et al. Acute heart failure syndromes: current state and framework for future research. Circulation. 2005;112:3958-3968. [PubMed]

10. Forrester JS, Diamond G, Chatterjee K, et al. Medical therapy of acute myocardial infarction by application of hemodynamic subsets. N Engl J Med. 1976;295:1356-1362. [PubMed]

11. Bonow RO, Bennett S, Casey DE Jr, et al. ACC/AHA Clinical performance measures for adults with chronic heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Heart Failure Clinical Performance Measures): endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2005;112:1853-1887. [PubMed]

12. Costanzo MR, Guglin ME, Saltzberg MT, et al. Ultrafiltration versus intravenous diuretics for patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:675-683. [PubMed]

13. Brater DC. Diuretic therapy in congestive heart failure. CHF. 2000;6:197-210. [PubMed]

14. Bayram M, De Luca L, Massie MB, et al. Reassessment of dobutamine, dopamine, and milrinone in the management of acute heart failure syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:47G-58G. [PubMed]

15. Cuffe MS, Califf RM, Adams KF, et al. Short-term intravenous milrinone for acute exacerbation of chronic heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;287:1541-1547. [PubMed]

16. Stough WG, O'Connor CM, Gheorghiade M. Overview of current noninodilator therapies for acute heart failure syndromes. Am J Cardiol. 2005;96:41G-46G. [PubMed]

17. Dorsch MP, Rodgers JE. Nesiritide: harmful or harmless- Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:1465-1478.

18. Abraham WT, Adams KF, Fonarow GC, et al. In-hospital mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure requiring intravenous vasoactive medications: an analysis from the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure National Registry (ADHERE). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:57-64. [PubMed]

19. Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, Gallup DS, et al. Predischarge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: results of the Initiation Management Predischarge: Process for Assessment of Carvedilol Therapy in Heart Failure (IMPACT-HF) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:1534-1541. [PubMed]

20. Parker RB, Rodgers JE, Cavallari LH. Heart failure. In Dipiro JT, Talbert RL, Yes GC, et al., eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 7th ed. New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2008:173-216.

Chapter 10

1. Page RL II. Cardiac transplantation. In: Dunsworth T, Richardson M, Chant C, et al., eds. Pharmacotherapy Self-Assessment Program. 6th ed. Lenexa, KS: American College of Clinical Pharmacy; 2007:101-120.

2. The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. OPTN 2007—Annual Report. 2008. Available at [Web]. Accessed July 24, 2008.

3. Hertz MI, Aurora P, Boucek MM, et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: introduction to the 2007 annual reports—100,000 transplants and going strong. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:763-768.

4. Taylor DO, Edwards LB, Boucek MM, et al. Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: twenty fourth official adult heart transplant report—2007. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:769-781. [PubMed]

5. United Network of Organ Sharing. UNOS—Bylaws. Attachment 1 to Appendix B or UNOS Bylaws. Available at [Web]. Accessed July 24, 2008.

6. Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, et al. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part I: cardiac rejection and immunosuppressive drugs. Circulation. 2004;110:3734-3740.

7. Lindenfeld J, Miller GG, Shakar SF, et al. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part II: immunosuppressive drugs. Circulation. 2004;110:3858-3865. [PubMed]

8. Hunt SA, Abraham WT, Chin MH, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2005;112:e154-e235. [PubMed]

9. United Network of Organ Sharing. Organ Distribution: Allocation of Thoracic Organs. Available at [Web]. Accessed July 24, 2008.

10. Jessup M, Banner N, Brozena S, et al. Optimal pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic management of cardiac transplant candidates: approaches to be considered prior to transplant evaluation: International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation guidelines for the care of cardiac transplant candidates—2006. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:1003-1023. [PubMed]

11. Gronda E, Bourge RC, Costanzo MR, et al. Heart rhythm considerations in heart transplant candidates and considerations for ventricular assist devices: International Society for Heart an Lung Transplantation Guidelines for the Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates—2006. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:1043-1056. [PubMed]

12. Miller LW, Lietz K. Candidate selection for long-term left ventricular assist device therapy for refractory heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:756-764. [PubMed]

13. Long JW, Healy AH, Rasmusson BY, et al. Improving outcomes with long-term “destination” therapy using left ventricular assist devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;135:1353-1360; discussion 60-1. [PubMed]

14. Da Rosa MR, Sapp JL, Howlett JG, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:1336-1339.

15. Stewart S, Winters GL, Fishbein MC, et al. Revision of the 1990 working formulation for the standardization of nomenclature in the diagnosis of heart rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2005;24:1710-1720.

16. Lindenfeld J, Page RL II, Zolty R, et al. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: Part III: common medical problems. Circulation. 2005;111:113-117. [PubMed]

17. Page RL II, Miller GG, Lindenfeld J. Drug therapy in the heart transplant recipient: part IV: drug-drug interactions. Circulation. 2005;111:230-239. [PubMed]

18. Mehra MR. Contemporary concepts in prevention and treatment of cardiac allograft vasculopathy. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:1248-1256.

19. Uber PA, Mehra MR. Induction therapy in heart transplantation: Is there a role- J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:205-259.

20. Kobashigawa JA, Miller LW, Russell SD, et al. Tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or sirolimus vs. cyclosporine with MMF in cardiac transplant patients: 1-year report. Am J Transplant. 2006;6:1377-1386.

Chapter 11

1. Management of symptomatic bradycardia and tachycardia. Circulation. 2005;112:IV-67-IV-77.

3. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):e149-e246.

4. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1998;98(10):946-952. [PubMed]

5. The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for personnel, policy, procedures, and follow-up. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4(6):816-861. [PubMed]

6. van der Hooft CS, Heeringa J, van Herpen G, et al. Drug-induced atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44(11):2117-2124. [PubMed]

7. Coplen SE, Antman EM, Berlin JA, et al. Efficacy and safety of quinidine therapy for the maintenance of sinus rhythm after cardioversion: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 1990;82:1106-1116. [PubMed]

8. Echt DS, Liebson PR, Mitchell LB, et al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide, or placebo: the cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:781-787. [PubMed]

9. Tsikouris JP, Cox CD. A review of class III antiarrhythmic agents for atrial fibrillation: maintenance of normal sinus rhythm. Pharmacother. 2001;21(12):1514-1529.

10. Alboni P, Botto GL, Baldi N, et al. Outpatient treatment of recent-onset atrial fibrillation with the “pill-in-the-pocket” approach. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2384-2391. [PubMed]

11. Capucci A, Villani GQ, Piepoli MF, et al. The role of 1C antiarrhythmic drugs in terminating atrial fibrillation. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1999;14(1):4-10. [PubMed]

12. Bernard EO, Schmid ER, Schmidlin D, et al. Ibutilide versus amiodarone in atrial fibrillation: a double-blinded, randomized study. Crit Care Med. 2003;31:1031-1034. [PubMed]

13. Oral H, Souza JJ, Michaud GF, et al. Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1849-1854. [PubMed]

14. Pedersen OD, Bagger H, Keller N, et al. Efficacy of dofetilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation-flutter in patients with reduced left ventricular function. Circulation. 2001;104:292-296. [PubMed]

15. Vassallo P, Trohman RG. Prescribing amiodarone. An evidence-based review of clinical indications. JAMA. 2007;298(11):1312-1322. [PubMed]

16. Singh BN, Singh SN, Reda DJ, et al. Amiodarone versus sotalol for atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1861-1872. [PubMed]

17. The Danish Investigations of Arrhythmia and Mortality on Dofetilide (DIAMOND) Study Group. Effect of dofetilide in patients with recent myocardial infarction and left-ventricular dysfunction: a randomized trial. Lancet. 2000;356:2052-2058. [PubMed]

18. Julian DG, Camm AJ, Frangin G, et al. Randomised trial of effect of amiodarone on mortality in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction after recent myocardial infarction: EMIAT. Lancet. 1997;349(9053):667-674. [PubMed]

19. Cairns JA, Connolly SJ, Roberts R, et al. Randomised trial of outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with frequent or repetitive ventricular premature depolarisations: CAMIAT. Lancet. 1997;349(9053):675-682. [PubMed]

20. Doval HC, Nul DR, Grancelli HO, et al. Randomised trial of low-dose amiodarone in severe congestive heart failure. Lancet. 1994;344(8921):493-498. [PubMed]

21. Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Ellenbogen K, et al. Spontaneous conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm by amiodarone in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: observations from the veterans affairs congestive heart failure survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy (CHF-STAT). Circulation. 1998;98(23):2574-2579. [PubMed]

22. Torp-Pedersen C, Moller M, Bloch-Thomsen PE, et al. Dofetilide in patients with congestive heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341:857-865.

23. Patel C, Yan G, Kowey PR. Dronedarone. Circulation. 2009;120:636-644. [PubMed]

24. The ATHENA Investigators. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:668-678. [PubMed]

25. Sanofi-aventis. DIONYSOS Study Results Showed the Respective Profiles of Dronedarone and Amiodarone. [Web]. December 23, 2008.

26. Kober L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, et al. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2678-2687. [PubMed]

27. Singer DE, Albers GW, Dalen JE, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2008;133:546S-592S. [PubMed]

28. Goldschlager N, Epstein AE, Naccarelli G, et al. Practical guidelines for clinicians who treat patients with amiodarone. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1741-1748. [PubMed]

29. Wyse DG, Waldo AL, DiMarco JP, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1825-1833.

30. Van Gelder IC, Hagens VE, Bosker HA, et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1834-1840. [PubMed]

31. Roy D, Talajic M, Nattel S, et al. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2667-2677. [PubMed]

32. Stellbrink C, Nixdorff U, Hofmann T, et al. Safety and efficacy of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin and oral anticoagulants for prevention of thromboembolic complications in cardioversion of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004;109:997-1003. [PubMed]

33. Cheng JW. Vernakalant in the management of atrial fibrillation. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42:533-542. [PubMed]

34. Camm AJ, Pratt CM, Schwartz PJ, et al. Mortality in patients after a recent myocardial infarction: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of azimilide using heart rate variability for risk stratification. Circulation. 2004;109:990-996. [PubMed]

35. Eikelboom JW, Weitz JI. A replacement for warfarin. Circulation. 2007; 116:131-3. [PubMed]

36. The Amadeus Investigators. Comparison of idraparinux with vitamin K antagonists for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized, open-label, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2008;371:315-321. [PubMed]

37. Gulseth MP, Michaud J, Nutescu EA. Rivaroxaban: an oral direct inhibitor of factor Xa. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2008;65:1520-1529. [PubMed]

38. Baetz BE, Spinler SA. Dabigatran etexilate: an oral direct thrombin inhibitor for prophylaxis and treatment of thromboembolic diseases. Pharmacother. 2008;28(11):1354-1373.

39. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009; 1.361:1139-1151.

40. Pederson OD, Bagger H, Kober L, et al. Trandolapril reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation. 1999;100:376-380. [PubMed]

41. Ueng KC, Tsai TP, Yu WC, et al. Use of enalapril to facilitate sinus rhythm maintenance after external cardioversion of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. Results of a prospective and controlled study. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:2090-2098. [PubMed]

42. Siu CW, Lau CP, Tse HF. Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence by statin therapy in patients with lone atrial fibrillation after successful cardioversion. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92:1343-1345.

43. Birnie DH. Gollob M, Healey JS. Clinical trials, the renin angiotensin system and atrial fibrillation. Current Opinion in Cardiology. 2006;21(4):368-375.

44. The GISSI-AF Invesigators. Valsartan for prevention of recurrent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:1606-1617. [PubMed]

Chapter 12

1. Wever EFD, Hauer RNW, Oomen A, et al. Unfavorable outcome in patients with primary electrical disease who survived an episode of ventricular fibrillation. Circulation. 1993;88:1021-1029. [PubMed]

3. Zipes DP, Camm AJ, Borggrefe M, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:e247-e346. [PubMed]

4. Chugh SS, Kelly KL, Titus JL. Sudden cardiac death with apparently normal heart. Circulation. 2000;102:649-654. [PubMed]

5. Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee, Subcommittees, and Task Forces of the American Heart Association. 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2005;112 (suppl 24):IV1-IV203. [PubMed]

6. Sayre MR, Berg RA, Cave DM, et al. Hands-only (compression-only) cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a call to action for bystander response to adults who experience out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest: a science advisory for the public from the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee. Circulation. 2008;117:2162-2167. [PubMed]

7. Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:e1-e62. [PubMed]

8. Lindner KH, Dirks B, Strohmenger HU, et al. A randomized comparison of epinephrine and vasopressin in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Lancet. 1997;349:535-537. [PubMed]

9. Stiell IG, Herbert PC, Wells GA, et al. Vasopressin versus epinephrine for inhospital cardiac arrest: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;358:105-109. [PubMed]

10. Wenzel V, Krismer AC, Arntz HR, et al. A comparison of vasopressin and epinephrine for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:105-113. [PubMed]

11. Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK, et al. Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:871-878. [PubMed]

12. Dorian P, Schwartz B, Cooper R, et al. Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:884-890. [PubMed]

13. Levine JH, Massumi A, Scheinman MM, et al. Intravenous amiodarone for recurrent sustained hypotensive ventricular tachyarrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:67-75. [PubMed]

14. Kowey PR, Levine JH, Herre JM, et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of intravenous amiodarone and bretylium in the treatment of patients with recurrent, hemodynamically destabilizing ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Circulation. 1995;92:3255-3263. [PubMed]

15. Gorgels AR, van den Dool A, Hofs A, et al. Comparison of procainamide and lidocaine in terminating sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:43-46. [PubMed]

16. Connolly SJ, Dorian P, Roberts RS, et al. Comparison of beta-blockers, amiodarone plus beta-blockers, or sotalol for prevention of shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators: the OPTIC study: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295:165-171. [PubMed]

17. Goldschlager N, Epstein AE, Naccarelli GV, et al. A practical guide for clinicians who treat patients with amiodarone: 2007. Heart Rhythm. 2007;4:1250-1259. [PubMed]

18. Gueugniaud PY, David JS, Chanzy E, et al. Vasopressin and epinephrine vs. epinephrine alone in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:21-30. [PubMed]

19. Skrifvars MB, Kuisma M, Boyd J, et al. The use of undiluted amiodarone in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48:582-587. [PubMed]

20. Brown CG, Martin DR, Pepe PE, et al. A comparison of standard-dose and high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest outside the hospital: the Multicenter High-Dose Epinephrine Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1051-1055. [PubMed]

21. Stiell IG, Herbert PC, Weitzman BN, et al. High-dose epinephrine in adult cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:1045-1050. [PubMed]

22. Callaham M, Madsen CD, Barton CW, et al. A randomized clinical trial of high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine vs. standard-dose epinephrine in prehospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1992;268:2667-2672. [PubMed]

23. Sherman BW, Munger MA, Foulke GE, et al. High-dose versus standard-dose epinephrine treatment of cardiac arrest after failure of standard therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 1997;17:242-247. [PubMed]

24. Gueugniaud PY, Mols P, Goldstein P, et al. A comparison of repeated high doses and repeated standard doses of epinephrine for cardiac arrest outside the hospital. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1595-1601. [PubMed]

25. Vandycke C, Martens P. High dose versus standard dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest: a meta-analysis. Resuscitation. 2000;45:161-166. [PubMed]

26. Levy MM. An evidence-based evaluation of the use of sodium bicarbonate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Clin. 1998;14:457-483. [PubMed]

27. Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Prengel AW, et al. Endobronchial vasopressin improves survival during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Anesthesiology. 1997;86:1375-1381.

28. Blake TL, Reasor MJ. Pulmonary response to amiodarone in hamsters: comparison of intratracheal and oral administrations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1995;131:325-331. [PubMed]

29. Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549-556. [PubMed]

30. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:557-563. [PubMed]

31. Klouche K, Weil MH, Tang W, et al. A selective -2-adrenergic agonist for cardiac resuscitation. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;140:27-34. [PubMed]

32. Klouche K, Weil MH, Sun S, et al. A comparison of alpha-methylnorepinephrine, vasopressin, and epinephrine for cardiac resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2003;57:93-100. [PubMed]

33. Lindner KH, Strohmenger HU, Ensinger H, et al. Stress hormone response during and after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesthesiology. 1992;77:662-668. [PubMed]

34. Pene F, Hyvernat H, Mallet V, et al. Prognostic value of relative adrenal insufficiency after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med. 2005;31:627-633. [PubMed]

35. Mentzelopoulos SD, Zakynthinos SG, Tzoufi M, et al. Vasopressin, epinephrine, and corticosteroids for in-hospital cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:1-24.

Chapter 13

1. Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, et al. Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2006;37:577-617. [PubMed]

2. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics 2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association statistics Committee and Stroke Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21-e181.

3. Pulsinelli W. Pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet. 1992;339:533-536. [PubMed]

4. Adams HP, del Zoppo G, Alberts MJ, et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2007;38:1655-1711. [PubMed]

5. What are the effects of stroke- American Stroke Association. [Web], accessed 4/15/09.

6. American Heart Association Guidelines for Pulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care. Circulation. 2005;112:IV-111-IV-120.

7. Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1317-1329. [PubMed]

8. Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Ischemic Stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581-1587. [PubMed]

9. Smith WS, Sung G, Starkman S, et al. Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke: results of the MERCI trial. Stroke. 2005;36:1432-1438. [PubMed]

10. Marler JR, Tilley BC, Lu M, et al. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Neurology. 2000;55:1649-1655. [PubMed]

11. Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE, et al. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: the Cleveland area experience. JAMA. 2000;283:1151-1158. [PubMed]

12. Graham GD. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke in clinical practice: a meta-analysis of safety data. Stroke. 2003; 34:2847-2850. [PubMed]

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14. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Lancet. 2001;358:1033-1041. [PubMed]

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18. Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S, et al. Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke (PROFESS). N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1238-1251. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

19. Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM, et al. Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:331-337. [PubMed]

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21. Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, et al. European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke. J Neurol Sci. 1996;143:1-13. [PubMed]

22. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996;348:1329-1339. [PubMed]

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24. Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. Effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on stroke and other major vascular events in 20,536 people with cerebrovascular disease or other high-risk conditions. Lancet. 2004;363:757-767. [PubMed]

25. Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, et al. Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) Investigators: high-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:549-559. [PubMed]

26. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001;285:2864-2870. [PubMed]

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30. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19,435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1997;349:1569-1581. [PubMed]

31. Saxena R, Lewis S, Berge E, et al. Risk of early death and recurrent stroke and effect of heparin in 3,169 patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke. 2001;32:2333-2337. [PubMed]

32. Hillis A, Ulatowski JA, Barker PB, et al. A pilot randomized trial of induced blood pressure elevation: effects on function and focal perfusion in acute and subacute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;16:236-246. [PubMed]

33. Shuaib A, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al. NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:562-571. [PubMed]

34. Hacke W, Albers G, Al-Rawi Y, et al. The Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial (DIAS): a phase II MRI-based 9-hour window acute stroke thrombolysis trial with intravenous desmoteplase. Stroke. 2005;36:66-73. [PubMed]

35. Furlan AJ, Eyding D, Albers GW, et al. Dose Escalation of Desmoteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke (DEDAS): evidence of safety and efficacy 3 to 9 hours after stroke onset. Stroke. 2006;37:1227-1231. [PubMed]

36. Hacke W, Furlan A. Results from the phase III study of Desmoteplase in Acute Ischaemic Stroke Trial (DIAS 2); presented at European Stroke Conference, Glasgow 2007.

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3. Margolis J, Barron JJ, Grochulski D. Health care resources and costs for treating peripheral artery disease in a managed care population: results from analysis of administrative claims data. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005;11(9):727-734. [PubMed]

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5. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz NB, et al. Implication of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation. 2004;110:227-239. [PubMed]

6. Doobay AV, Anand SS. Sensitivity and specificity of the ankle-brachial index to predict future cardiovascular outcomes: a systemic review. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25:1463-1469. [PubMed]

7. Hiatt WR, Hirsch AT, Regensteiner JG, et al., and the Vascular Clinical Trialists. Clinical trials for claudication: assessment of exercise performance, functional status, and clinical end points. Circulation. 1995;92:614-621. [PubMed]

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10. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153. [PubMed]

11. Schindler C, Mueller A, Bramlage P, et al. Comparison of selective AT1-receptor blockade versus ACE inhibition for restenosis prophylaxis in patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease after stent angioplasty: a randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study. Angiology. 2008;58(6):710-716.

12. Skyler JS, Bergenstal R, Bonow RO, et al. Intensive glycemic control and the prevention of cardiovascular events: implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and a scientific statement of the American College of Cardiology Foundation and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;119:351-317. [PubMed]

13. Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002;324:71-86. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

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15. Robless P, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby GP. Cilostazol for peripheral arterial disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD003748. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003748.pub3.

16. Dawson DL, Cutler BC, Hiatt WR, et al. A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med. 2000;109:523-530. [PubMed]

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18. Semba CP, Bakal CW, Calis KA, et al. Alteplase as an alternative to urokinase. JVIR. 2000;11:279-287. [PubMed]

19. Sobel M, Verhaeghe R. Antithrombotic therapy for peripheral artery occlusive disease: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(6 Suppl):815S-843S. [PubMed]

20. Leng GC, Fowkes FGR. The Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire: an improved version of the WHO/Rose Questionnaire for use in epidemiological surveys. J Clin Epidemiol. 1992;45:1101-1109. [PubMed]

21. Radack K, Deck C. Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:1769-1776. [PubMed]

22. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(16):1706-1717. [PubMed]

23. Warfarin Antiplatelet Vascular Evaluation Trial Investigators, Anand S, Yusuf S, et al. Oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):217-227. [PubMed]

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26. De Backer TLM, Vander Stichele R, Lehert P, et al. Naftidrofuryl for intermittent claudication. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001368. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001368.pub3.

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3. Furie B, Furie BC. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:938-949. [PubMed]

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37. Lassen MR, Ageno W, Borris LC, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2776-2786. [PubMed]

38. Eriksson BI, Borris LC, Friedman RJ, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2765-2775. [PubMed]

39. Kakkar AK, Brenner B, Dahl OE, et al. Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short-term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:31-39. [PubMed]

40. Lassen MR, Davidson BL, Gallus AM, et al. The efficacy and safety of apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, as thromboprophylaxis in patients following total knee replacement. Journal of Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:2368-2375.

41. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2007;370:949-956. [PubMed]

42. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:2178-2185. [PubMed]

43. The van Gogh Investigators. Idraparinux versus standard therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1094-1104. [PubMed]

44. The van Gogh Investigators. Extended prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism with idraparinux. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1105-1112. [PubMed]

45. Weitz JI, Hirsh J, Samama M. New antithrombotic drugs. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008;133(suppl 6):S234-S256.

Chapter 16

1. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2009 update: A Report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119:e21-e181.

2. Freeman RV, Otto CM. Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment strategies. Circulation. 2005;111:3316-3326. [PubMed]

3. Stout KK, Otto CM. Indications for aortic valve replacement in aortic stenosis. J Intensive Care Med. 2007;22:14-25. [PubMed]

4. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. 2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease). Circulation. 2008;118:e523-e661. [PubMed]

5. Mohler ER, Gannon F, Reynold C, et al. Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves. Circulation. 2001;103:1522-1528. [PubMed]

6. Otto CM, Kuusisto J, Reichenbach DD, et al. Characterization of the early lesion of ‘degenerative’ valvular aortic stenosis: histological and immunohistochemical studies. Circulation. 1994;90:844-853. [PubMed]

7. O’Gara P, Braunwald E. Valvular heart disease. In: Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Longo DL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:1465-1480.

8. Rahimtoola SH. Aortic valve disease. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, O’Rourke RA, eds. Hurst’s the Heart. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:1697-1730.

9. Rahimtoola SH. Mitral valve stenosis. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, O’Rourke RA, eds. Hurst’s the Heart. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:1757-1769.

10. O’Rourke RA, Dell’Italia LJ. Mitral valve regurgitation including the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. In: Fuster V, Walsh RA, O’Rourke RA, eds. Hurst’s the Heart. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:1731-1756.

11. Shah PM, Raney AA. Tricuspid valve disease. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2008;33:47-84. [PubMed]

12. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography—summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines on the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 2003;108:1146-1162. [PubMed]

13. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Klaar U, et al. Outcome of watchful waiting in asymptomatic severe mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2006;113:2238-2244. [PubMed]

14. Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16:777-802.

15. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guideline update on valvular heart disease: focused update on infective endocarditis: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2008;118:887-896. [PubMed]

16. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. Prevention of infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2007;116:1736-1754. [PubMed]

17. Shroyer AL, Coombs LP, Peterson ED, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons: 30-day operative mortality and morbidity risk models. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1856-1864. [PubMed]

18. Salem DN, O’Gara PT, Madias C, et al. Valvular and structural heart disease: The Eighth ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Antithrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2008;133:593S-629S. [PubMed]

19. Rosengart TK, Feldman T, Borger MA, et al. Percutaneous and minimally invasive valve procedures. Circulation. 2008;117:1750-1767. [PubMed]

20. Rajamannan NM, Otto CM. Targeted therapy to prevent progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004;110:1180-1182. [PubMed]

21. Rosenhek R, Rader F, Loho N, et al. Statins but not angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors delay progression of aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004;110:1291-1295. [PubMed]

22. Novaro GM, Tiong IY, Pearce GL, et al. Effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on the progression of calcific aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2001;104:2205-2209. [PubMed]

23. Cowell SJ, Newby DE, Prescott RJ, et al. A randomized trial of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in calcific aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:2389-2397. [PubMed]

24. Bellamy MF, Pellikka PA, Klarich KW, et al. Association of cholesterol levels, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitor treatment, and progression of aortic stenosis in the community. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1723-1730. [PubMed]

25. Rossebo AB, Pederson TR, Boman K, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1343-1356. [PubMed]

26. Chan KL, Teo K, Tam J, et al. Rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of a randomized trial to assess the effect of cholesterol lowering on the progression of aortic stenosis: The Aortic Stenosis Progression Observation: Measuring Effects of Rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial. Am Heart J. 2007;153:925-931. [PubMed]

27. Evangelista A, Tornos P, Sambola A, et al. Long-term vasodilator therapy in patients with severe aortic regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:1342-1349. [PubMed]

28. Scognamiglio R, Rahimtoola SH, Fasoli G, et al. Nifedipine in asymptomatic patients with severe aortic regurgitation and normal left ventricular function. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:689-694. [PubMed]

29. Marchlinski F. The tachyarrhythmias. In: Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Longo DL, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 17th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2008:1465-1480.

30. Fuster V, Ruyden LE, Cannom DS, et al. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). Circulation. 2006;114:e257-e354. [PubMed]

31. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, et al. Pharmacology and management of vitamin K antagonists. The Eighth ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2008;133:160S-198S. [PubMed]

32. Cohn LH, Narayanasamy N. Aortic valve replacement in elderly patients: what are the limits- Curr Opin Cardiol. 2007;22:92-95.

33. Unic D, Leacche M, Paul S, et al. Early and late results of isolated and combined heart valve surgery in patients > or = 80 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1500-1503. [PubMed]

34. Varadarajan P, Kapoor N, Bansal RC, et al. Survival in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis is dramatically improved by aortic valve replacement: results from a cohort of 277 patients aged </= 80 years. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30:722-727. [PubMed]

Chapter 17

1. LeWinter MM, Kabbani S. Pericardial diseases. In: Zipes DP, Libby P, Bonow RO, et al., eds. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1757-1780.

2. Meunier JP, Lopez S, Teboul J, et al. Total pericardial defect: risk factor for traumatic aortic type A dissection. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74:266. [PubMed]

3. Hoit BD. Pericardial disease and pericardial tamponade. Crit Care Med. 2007;35:S355-S364. [PubMed]

4. Ivens EL, Munt BI, Moss RR. Pericardial disease: what the general cardiologist needs to know. Heart. 2007;93:993-1000. [PubMed]

5. Maisch B, Seferovic PM, Ristic AD, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases executive summary; the task force on the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:587-610. [PubMed]

6. Troughton RW, Asher CR, Klein AL. Pericarditis. Lancet. 2004;363:717-727. [PubMed]

7. Imazio M, Trinchero R. Triage and management of acute pericarditis. Int J Cardiol. 2007;118:286-294. [PubMed]

8. Estok L, Wallach F. Cardiac tamponade in a patient with AIDS: a review of pericardial disease in patients with HIV infection. Mt Sinai J Med. 1998;65:33-39. [PubMed]

9. Wragg A, Strang JI. Tuberculous pericarditis and HIV infection. Heart. 2000;84:127-128. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

10. Shahar A, Hod H, Barabash GM, et al. Disappearance of a syndrome: Dressler's syndrome in the era of thrombolysis. Cardiology. 1994;85:255-258. [PubMed]

11. Maisch B. Pericardial diseases, with a focus on etiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, new diagnostic imaging methods, and treatment. Curr Opin Cardiol. 1994;9:379-388. [PubMed]

12. Karia DH, Xing YQ, Kuvin JT, et al. Recent role of imaging in the diagnosis of pericardial disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002;4:33-40. [PubMed]

13. Cheitlin MD, Armstrong WF, Aurigemma GP, et al. ACC/AHA/ASE 2003 guideline update for the clinical application of echocardiography: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/ASE Committee to Update the 1997 Guidelines for the Clinical Application of Echocardiography). Circulation. 2003;108:1146-1162. [PubMed]

15. Imazio M, Bobbio M, Cecchi E, et al. Colchicine in addition to conventional therapy for acute pericarditis: results of the COlchicine for acute PEricarditis (COPE) trial. Circulation. 2005;112:2012-2016. [PubMed]

16. Imazio M, Bobbio M, Cecchi E, et al. Colchicine as first-choice therapy for recurrent pericarditis: results of the CORE (COlchicine for REcurrent pericarditis) trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1987-1991. [PubMed]

17. Antman EM, Anbe DT, Armstrong PW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2004;110:e82-e293. [PubMed]

18. Vivaldi MT, Eyre DR, Kloner RA, et al. Effects of methylprednisolone on collagen biosynthesis in healing acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60:424-425. [PubMed]

19. LeGal YM, Morrissey LL. Methylprednisolone interventions in myocardial infarction: a controversial subject. Can J Cardiol. 1990;6:405-410. [PubMed]

20. Kloner RA, Fishbein MC, Lew H, et al. Mummification of the infarcted myocardium by high dose corticosteroids. Circulation. 1978;57:56-63. [PubMed]

21. Asplen CH, Levine HD. Azathioprine therapy of steroid-responsive pericarditis. Am Heart J. 1970;80:109-111. [PubMed]

22. Adler Y, Finkelstein Y, Guindo J, et al. Colchicine treatment for recurrent pericarditis. A decade of experience. Circulation. 1998;97:2183-2185. [PubMed]

23. Guindo J, Rodriguez de la Serna A, Ramio J, et al. Recurrent pericarditis. Relief with colchicine. Circulation. 1990;82:1117-1120. [PubMed]

24. DeValeria PA, Baumgartner WA, Casale AS, et al. Current indications, risks, and outcome after pericardiectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 1991;52:219-224. [PubMed]

25. Senni M, Redfield MM, Ling LH, et al. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function after pericardiectomy in patients with constrictive pericarditis: Doppler echocardiographic findings and correlation with clinical status. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1182-1188. [PubMed]

26. Strang JI, Kakaza HH, Gibson DG, et al. Controlled trial of prednisolone as adjuvant in treatment of tuberculous constrictive pericarditis in Transkei. Lancet. 1987;2:1418-1422. [PubMed]

27. Hakim JG, Ternouth I, Mushangi E, et al. Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial of adjunctive prednisolone in the treatment of effusive tuberculous pericarditis in HIV seropositive patients. Heart. 2000;84:183-188. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

28. Dooley DP, Carpenter JL, Rademacher S. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for tuberculosis: a critical reappraisal of the literature. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;25:872-877. [PubMed]

29. Spodick DH. Intrapericardial treatment of persistent autoreactive pericarditis/myopericarditis and pericardial effusion. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:1481-1482. [PubMed]

30. Spodick DH. Intrapericardial therapy and diagnosis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002; 4:22-25. [PubMed]

Chapter 18

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2. McLaughlin VV, McGoon MD. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2006;114:1417-1431. [PubMed]

3. Fox DJ, Khattar RS. Pulmonary arterial hypertension: classification, diagnosis, and contemporary management. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:717-720. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

4. Farber HW, Loscalzo J. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2004; 351:1655-65. [PubMed]

5. Hyduk A, Croft JB, Ayala C, et al. Pulmonary hypertension surveillance—United States, 1980-2002. MMWR. 2005;54(SS05):1-28. [PubMed]

6. Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:111-117. [PubMed]

7. Rich S, Dantzker DR, Ayres SM, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension. A national prospective study. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107(2):216-223. [PubMed]

8. D’Alonzo GE, Barst RJ, Ayres SM, et al. Survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Results from a national prospective registry. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115(5):343-349.

9. Christman BW, McPherson CD, Newman JH, et al. An imbalance between the excretion of thromboxane and prostacyclin metabolites in pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:70-75. [PubMed]

10. Dubin D, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, is a smooth muscle mitogen. J Vasc Biol Med. 1989;1:150-154.

11. Yanagisawa M, Kurihara H, Kimura S, et al. A novel potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by vascular endothelial cells. Nature. 1988;332:411-415. [PubMed]

12. Giaid A, Yanagisawa M, Langleben D, et al. Expression of endothelin-1 in the lungs of patients with pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1993;328:1732-1739. [PubMed]

13. Stewart DJ, Levy RD, Cernacek P, et al. Increased plasma endothelin-1 in pulmonary hypertension: marker or mediator of disease- Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:464-469.

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15. Badesch DB, Abman SH, Simonneau G, et al. Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Updated ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2007;131:1917-1928. [PubMed]

16. Badesch DB, Abman SH, Ahearn GS, et al. Medical therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2004;126:35S-62S. [PubMed]

17. British Cardiac Society Guidelines and Medical Pracitce Committee. Recommendations on the management of pulmonary hypertension in medical practice. Heart. 2001;86(Suppl 1):i1-i13. [PubMed] [PubMedCentral]

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19. Humbert M, Nunes H, Sitbon O, et al. Risk factors for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Chest Med. 2001;22(3):459-475. [PubMed]

20. Weiss BM, Zemp L, Seifert B, et al. Outcome of pulmonary vascular disease in pregnancy: a systematic overview from 1978 through 1996. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1650-1657. [PubMed]

21. Sitbon O, Humbert M, Jais X, et al. Long-term response to calcium channel blockers in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2005;111:3105-3111. [PubMed]

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23. Galie N, Ghofrani HA, Torbicki A, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (SUPER-1). N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2148-2157. [PubMed]

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26. Flolan [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2008.

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30. Lang I, Gomez-Sanchez M, Kneussl M, et al. Efficacy of long-term subcutaneous treprostinil sodium therapy in pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 2006;129(6):1636-1643. [PubMed]

31. Remodulin [package insert]. Research Triangle Park, NC: United Therapeutics Corporation; 2008.

32. Ventavis [package insert]. San Francisco, CA: Actelion Pharmaceuticals Inc.; 2008.

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34. Channick RN, Simonneau G, Sitbon O, et al. Effects of the dual endothelin-receptor antagonist bosentan in patients with pulmonary hypertension: a randomized placebo controlled study. Lancet. 2001;358:1119-1123. [PubMed]

35. McLaughlin VV, Sitbon O, Badesch DB, et al. Survival with first-line bosentan in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2005;25:244-249. [PubMed]

36. Tracleer [package insert]. San Francisco, CA: Actelion Pharmaceuticals Inc.; 2008.

37. Tracleer Information for Prescribers. The Tracleer Access Program. [Web]. Accessed February 24, 2009.

38. Letairis [package insert]. Foster City, CA: Gilead Sciences Inc.; 2008.

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40. Galie N, Olschewski H, Oudiz RJ, et al. Ambrisentan for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation. 2008;117:3010-3019. [PubMed]

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42. Alam S, Palevsky HI. Standard therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Chest Med. 2007;28:91-115. [PubMed]

43. Johnson SR, Mehta S, Granton JT. Anticoagulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a qualitative systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2006;28:999-1004. [PubMed]

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45. Humbert M, Barst RJ, Robbins IM, et al. Combination of bosentan with epoprostenol in pulmonary arterial hypertension: BREATHE-2. Eur Respir J. 2004;24:353-359. [PubMed]

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